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Paediatrics, Department of
Parents¥ Association, Queen¥s
Parking
PARTEQ
Part-Time Studies, Division of
Pathology, Department of
Pensions, Investments and Insurance
Pension Board
Performance Plants
Performing Arts Office
Personnel Services
Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of
Philosophy, Department of
Physical Health and Education, School of
Physical Health and Education Centre
Physical Health and Education Society
Physical Plant Services
Physics, Department of
Physiology, Department of
Pierce, Alfie
Policy Studies, School of
Policy Studies Building
Political Studies, Department of
 Population and Public Health Initiative
 Postal Services
Presbyterian Church
Presbyterian Church Schism
Princess Towers
Principal
Principal and Vice-Principals Committee
Principal¥s Residence
Printing Services
Programs
Projects
Psychiatry, Department of
Psychology, Department of
Public Administration, School of
Purchasing

Paediatrics, Department of. Children's health was first taught at Queen's medical school in 1861, when Dr Michael Lavell offered a course in Obstetrics and Diseases of Women and Children. The teaching of paediatrics as a separate discipline began in 1925 with the appointment of Dr R.R. MacGregor. The first full-time Chair in paediatrics, held by Dr A.M. Bryans, and a paediatric residency program were established in 1951. The department's strengths today are in neonatology, genetics, and developmental and ambulatory paediatrics. The department is centred at Hotel Dieu Hospital with neonatology and medical genetics units at Kingston General Hospital. It has 14 full-time faculty and is part of the Faculty of Health Sciences.

Parents' Association. Organized in 1973, the Parents Association aims to promote closer ties between the university and parents of Queen's students. All parents and guardians of full-time students are automatically members of the association, which raises money for the university and publishes a newsletter that is sent out to all members. It is part of the Office of Advancement and its office is located in Summerhill.

Parking. See Physical Plant Services.

PARTEQ. Founded in 1987, PARTEQ Innovations is a non-profit corporation formed to help Queen's researchers market their new inventions and act as the technology transfer agent for Queen's University. It identifies university research with market potential and works with researchers in pursuing patents and arranging for commercial development, either through the establishment of spin-off companies, or through licensing arrangements with outside corporations. Proceeds from these developments are shared between the researcher and the University. PARTEQ is controlled by a board of directors comprising representatives from industry and the University, and its offices are located in the Biosciences Complex at Queen's. Technologyes currently being commercialized by PARTEQ include new treatments for pre-cancerous skin lesions, Alzheimer's disease and erectile dysfunction; diagnostic procedures for heart disease; advanced materials; medical devices and surgical procedures; chemical manufacturing processes; lab instrumentation; and software programs. In 1999, PARTEQ became the first Canadian technology transfer office to attract and manage its own venture fund, offering seed financing to start-up companies that use Queen's intellectual property or are managed by memebers of the Queen's community. This group reports to the Vice-Principal (Research).

Part-time Studies, Division of. Part-time Studies is part of Continuing and Distance Studies. It is responsible for all arts and science courses at Queen's that are offered through correspondence, in the spring-summer session, or off-campus. Among the latter are courses offered in Belleville and Brockville and to inmates in Kingston-area prisons (in association with Correctional Services of Canada). And courses are also offered in a more exotic location: in Bermuda, where Queen's has offered summer courses in 1953 and spring courses since 1976. Before 1979, the division was called the Department of Extension. It became responsible to the Faculty of Arts and Science in 1971, yet is now part of Continuing and Distance Studies. It is located in Mackintosh-Corry Hall.

Pathology, Department of. Lectures on pathology - the study of the nature and causes of disease - were offered at Queen's as early as the 1860s. But it was not until the establishment of the Department of Pathology and Bacteriology in 1895 under Dr. Walter Connell that the discipline became a central part of the medical curriculum. Connell led this combined department until 1919, when Pathology and Bacteriology were split up; he subsequently became first head of the separate Department of Pathology. The department has occupied the Richardson Laboratory building on Stuart Street since 1924 with clinical work taking place in Kingston General Hospital since the 1950s. The Cancer Research Laboratories, now an interdisciplinary research group in Botterell Hall, were founded within the department in 1971. Today, there are about 30 full-time faculty in the department. They teach and conduct research in such areas as cancer biology, human genetics Alzheimer's disease, nervous system cell death and regeneration and malaria, gene regulation, & therapy in hemostasis/thrombosis. The Department has an active clinical role and directs the Hospital Laboratories. See also Cancer Research Laboratories, Clinical Trials Group, Hemostasis and Thrombosis Research Group.

Pensions, Investments and Insurance. This department is responsible for the administration of Queen's Pension Plan, for managing the university's relationship with the insurance companies that provide staff benefits, and for answering questions from staff about pensions and benefits. It also offers pre-retirement counselling. The department, located in richardson hall, is responsible to the vice-principal (operations and finance), and also works directly with the Board of Trustees Pension Board.

Pension Board. See Board of Trustees Pension Board.

Performance Plants. A Canadian-owned, wide-spectrum agricultural biotechnology centre, Performance Plants strives to develop effective genetic discovery programs, growth enhancement technology, water stress technology and new technologies in agriculture. It is located in the Biosciences Complex.

Performing Arts Office. The roots of this office go back to the 1940s, when interested faculty members founded a concert committee to bring live classical music to campus, and to try to give Queen's faculty and students access to the some of the same cultural opportunities as those enjoyed by residents of larger centres. This makes the office one of the oldest university-based concert presenters in North America. The committee became a university staff department in the 1960s, called the Division of Concerts; in the 1970s it was given its current name. It has helped put Kingston on the cultural map, presenting concerts by such Canadian and international stars as Vladimir Askenazy, Glenn Gould, and Elly Ameling, and dance performances by the Martha Graham Ensemble and the Royal Winnipeg Ballet. It is also committed to offering affordable ticket prices. The office is responsible to the vice-principal (academic), and the annual program and budget is decided by the Performing Arts Subcommittee of the Senate Committee on Fine Arts and Public Lectures.

Personnel Services. The name of this department changed in 1992 to Human Resources (see that entry).

Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of. The study of pharmacology began at Queen's when the Faculty of medicine was established in 1854, at which time the discipline was known as Materia Medica. Professor Fife Fowler was in charge of teaching the subject from the founding of the faculty until 1882, when he was appointed Dean of Medicine. The discipline was taught within the Department of medicine until the awkwardly named Department of Pharmacology, Materia Medica, Pharmacy, and Therapeutics emerged early this century. Renamed Pharmacology in the 1930s and Pharmacology and Toxicology in the 1980s, the department currently studies the physical and chemical properties of drugs and potential drugs, their absorption and fate in the body, their therapeutic uses, and the toxic effects of acute and chronic overdosage. Specific research includes work on drugs to treat angina and hypertension and to prevent neural cell injury, the effects of drugs to reduce pain, the mechanisms of learning and memory, the effects of alcohol on the fetus, the resistance of cancer cells to drugs, the role of chemicals in cancer, and the mechanisms of drug toxicities. The department, which has about 10 full-time faculty, offers a comprehensive range of undergraduate and graduate courses. It is located in Botterell Hall. See also Cancer Research Laboratories, Life Sciences.

Philosophy, Department of. Courses in philosophy have been taught at Queen's since the university held its first classes in 1842. A separate department of Philosophy was established in 1853, when the Rev james george was appointed to the first Philosophy Chair at Queen's. The dominant figure in the department's early history was john watson, Canada's first internationally known philosopher. He came to Queen's from Scotland in 1872 and was head of department for an astonishing 52 years, retiring in 1924. Under Watson, the department embraced not only logic and moral philosophy, but also economics, political studies, and psychology, which have since become separate departments. When Watson retired he was replaced by George Humphrey, who left Queen's in 1947 to take up Oxford's newly-established Chair of Experimental Psychology. Today, the department offers programs of study towards BA, MA, and PhD degrees. The undergraduate program provides courses in all the main areas of philosophy (logic, ethics, epistemology, metaphysics, social and political philosophy, philosophy of law, philosophy of natural science, philosophy of mathematics, philosophy of history, philosophy of economics, and philosophy of literature) and in all the main periods of Western philosophy. Graduate programs are offered in three areas: Epistemology and Metaphysics; Moral, Social, and Political Philosophy; and Aesthetics. The department has 15 permanent members of faculty. While enrolment has more than doubled since the early 1980s, the expansion in course offerings has been most striking in areas of philosophy at the boundary with other disciplines, including law, psychology, economics, medicine, bioethics, women's studies, and business. The department, located on the third floor of John Watson Hall, is part of the Faculty of Arts and Science.

Physical and Health Education, School of. This school was founded in 1946, primarily to train students as physical education teachers. Today it also teaches students about some of the broad issues underlying sport, health, and physical activity. Through the School of graduate studies and research it offers Masters degree programs in Biomechanics, Exercise Physiology, Sociocultural Aspects of Sport, Exercise Rehabilitation, and a Doctoral program in Applied Exercise Science. There are about 400 students enrolled in the school, which is headed by a director and administered by the Faculty of Arts and Science. The school is located in the Physical Education Centre. See also Fitness Centre.

††Degrees: Bachelor of Physical and Health Education (BPHE), Master of Science (MSc), Master of Arts (MA)

Physical and Health Education Centre. The Phys Ed Centre is the main sports and recreation facility at Queen's. It has two main, connected buildings: the Gymnasium Building, constructed in 1931 and overhauled in 1971, and the jock harty arena, built in 1971. The Gymnasium Building holds three gymnasia: the Bartlett Gym, named after Frederick Bartlett, first director of the School of physical and health education (1947-1965); the Bews Gymnasium, named after James Bews, physical training director (1908-1937); and the Ross Gymnasium, named in honour of Marion Ross, first director of women's athletic programs (1938-1970). The building also has a swimming pool, a diving pool, squash and racquetball courts, weight training rooms, a dance studio, a projectile range, administrative offices for the School of Physical and Health Education, classrooms, and several research laboratories. The office of Queen's chaplain is just inside the building's main entrance. The Jock Harty Arena, attached to the east end of the Gymnasium Building, holds the university's skating and hockey rink, an indoor running track, and, on its roof, six tennis courts. In 1998, the Centre underwent significant renovations in order to expand and improve the physical conditioning centres. The Phys Ed Centre is located on the north side of Union Street just east of the john deutsch university centre. See also athletics, Jackson Hall (Old Gymnasium), Jock Harty Arena.

Physical and Health Education Society. See faculty societies.

Physical Plant Services. This department keeps Queen's running from day to day. Its job is to maintain Queen's buildings, grounds, and infrastructure economically and effectively. Its staff include skilled tradespersons, heating plant operators, groundskeepers, engineers, draftspersons, building project managers, and administrators. They undertake small renovation jobs on their own and are responsible for contracting out and supervising larger renovation and building projects. They supply heat, water, gas, oil, and sewage services to a wide variety of Queen's buildings, and steam heat to three local hospitals and most university residences. They also clear snow in the winter from campus roads and sidewalks. This department is also responsible for daily cleaning in all Queen's buildings except the residences: in total, over 3,000,000 square feet of space. Other duties of housekeeping staff include mail and parcel delivery, snow and ice removal on steps and wheelchair ramps, and set-up for exams, convocations, managing the solid waste and medical waste contracts for the university and coordinates all waste management, including recycling initiatives. The department is responsible to the vice-principal (operations and finance), and is located in the Rideau Building.

Physics, Department of. In Queen's early years the teaching of physics was largely the responsibility of james williamson, Chair of Mathematics and Natural History, and nathan dupuis, Professor of Chemistry and Natural Philosophy. Physics emerged as a separate discipline in 1882 when D.H. Marshall was appointed Queen's first Professor of Physics. Under the headship of Arthur Clark from 1906 to 1944 the Department of Physics established itself in ontario hall and grew considerably in size and reputation. The department moved into stirling hall in 1965 to accommodate further expansion in teaching and research. Research in the department today includes work in many areas of astronomy and astrophysics, nuclear and subatomic physics, solid state and low temperature physics, and engineering and applied physics. Nuclear physics and Astro physics have been a strong research theme for years with the installation of first a cyclotron and then a Van de Graaff accelerator; more recently, the department has continued its tradition of strength in this field by taking a leading role in the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory project. The department is part of the Faculty of Arts and Science, but it also offers an undergraduate program in the Faculty of Applied Science, in Engineering Physics. This program is the oldest and one of the largest in Canada. See also observatory.

Physiology, Department of. Physiology has been taught at Queen's since the Faculty of Medicine was established in 1854, but it was not until 1892 that the first full-time professor in the subject was appointed. Initially, the department was also responsible for teaching biochemistry, embryology, and histology (the study of organic tissues) subjects which were later taken over by the Departments of Anatomy and Biochemistry. Since the early 1960s, the department has expanded enormously, increasing the number of its full-time faculty, for example, from four to about 15. Professors instruct undergraduate students from the Schools of Nursing, Rehabilitation Therapy, and Physical and Health Education, the Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Faculty of Arts and Science (where the department helped to found the Life Sciences Program). The department also instructs graduate students in animal and human physiology. The department's research strengths lie in the areas of cardio-respiratory physiology and neuro-physiology. All full-time faculty receive external research funding from national agencies, and the department hosts Queen's only CIHR Group, in Sensory-Motor Systems. The department is located in Botterell Hall.

Pierce, Alfie (1874-1951). Known to generations of students simply as "Alfie," Pierce is a legendary figure in Queen's history for his years of association with Queen's sports teams. He was the son of a runaway American slave who had escaped to Canada and settled in Kingston. He was a gifted athlete and, as a boy, frequented the playing fields around Queen's. When he was 15, football captain guy curtis named him ñ with the thoughtless bigotry typical of the day ñ as "team mascot." He was associated with Queen's teams almost without interruption for the next 62 years as a trainer, assistant coach, unofficial security guard, and general supporter. For years, he lived in richardson stadium in the summer and the jock harty arena in the winter. He was a talented football and baseball player in his own right and was a star of the eastern Ontario lacrosse circuit until his early 40s. The longer he stayed at Queen's, the more he became a legend. His parades across the football field in front of stands of cheering students prior to games were a fixture right up until his death. He was widely regarded as the personification of the Queen's spirit and, in 1950, the new trophy for Queen's best first-year male and female athletes was named in his honour. When he died in 1951, his body lay in state in the Gymnasium for two hours as lines of students and alumni filed past. It is one of Queen's legends that his ghost haunts the John Deutsch University Centre. Alfie's is named in his memory.

Policy Studies, School of. The present School of Policy Studies is the result of the merger in 1994 of the former School of Public Administration, founded in 1970, and the School of Policy Studies, founded in 1988. The school undertakes a broad program of graduate teaching, research, conferences and communication in the field of public policy and public management. In doing so, it continues Queen's long and distinguished history of policy work and influence in Ottawa (see Ottawa and Queen's).

The teaching side was originally the preserve of the School of Public Administration, which provided professional graduate education for prospective and mid-career public servants, mainly in the form of a one-year program leading to a Master of Public Administration degree. That program is carried on by the School of Policy Studies. It continues to offer a distinctive approach to the field, linking management processes with an emphasis on public policy and the broad context in which public decision-making takes place. The multi-disciplinary curriculum draws on economics, political science, law, statistics, management, and other disciplines to provide insights important to a successful career in the public sector. In addition to the ordinary full-time, one-year program, the school offers a part-time Professional MPA program designed for mid-career public servants.

Queen's began to lay plans for the original School of Policy Studies in the early 1980s, when the university received funding under the federal government's "Centres of Specialization" program to expand and coordinate the university's facilities for study of policy issues. When it was founded in 1988, the school was unique among schools at Queen's because it was not a teaching unit. Instead, it served as an umbrella organization, promoting interdisciplinary research and conference activities in cooperation with the schools, centres and institutes housed in the policy stiudies building. In 1994, the school merged with the School of Public Administration in order to bring teaching, research and communication activities at Queen's in the public policy field together under one organizational roof. The school continues to run an active research and communication program, inviting the regular participation of government, industry and labour leaders in its conferences and seminars with the goal of creating a rich exchange between faculty, students and Canadian opinion leaders. It also continues to promote interdisciplinary research and conference activities among the other units in the Policy Studies Building ñ the Schools of industrial relations and urban and regional planning, the john deutsch institute for the study of economic policy, the Institute of intergovernmental relations, the Centre for international relations, and the industrial relations centre. The school has no authority over these units, which report directly to the School of graduate studies and research (as does the School of Policy Studies itself). But the Centre for the Study of public opinion, created in 1993, reports to the School of Policy Studies.

In 1992, the research profile of the school received an important boost when it and two of its affiliated units ñ the John Deutsch Institute and the Industrial Relations Centre ñ were chosen to complete three of five ongoing projects of the disbanded Economic Council of Canada. An office to administer these projects is located in Ottawa. The school is led by a director and is located in the Policy Studies Building.

Degrees: Master of Public Administration (MPA)

Policy Studies Building. Completed in 1989, this building holds the Schools of industrial relations, policy studies, and urban and regional planning, the Institute of intergovernmental relations, the Centres for international relations and industrial relations, and the john deutsch institute for the study of economic policy. The building also houses a wide range of facilities for hosting conferences. It is located on the south side of union street opposite the foot of Alfred Street.

Political Studies, Department of. Philosophy professor john watson introduced courses in "political economy" to Queen's in 1877, though he had given a few scattered lectures on the subject even earlier. A separate Department of Political and Economic Science was established in 1889 under adam shortt, a Queen's graduate who later helped to found the modern Canadian civil service. The department grew steadily in the following decades with offerings in public administration, business, industrial relations, geography, and sociology ñ all of which have evolved into separate departments or schools. The department has traditionally had strong links with government, and an emphasis on Canadian politics and public policy has marked its work almost from its beginning. It took its present organizational form in 1964, when economics became a separate department at the university. A deliberate decision was made at the same time to call the department "Political Studies," instead of the more common "Political Science," to reflect the nature of its work more accurately and avoid the claim that its work is "scientific" in the usual sense. Although the first graduate degree was granted in 1926, it was not until the 1960s that graduate studies became a major activity of the department. The department has expanded enormously since then; the number of faculty, for example, has grown from five to more than 25. Faculty today maintain the department's tradition of public service through secondments to royal commissions and government departments. The department's strength in Canadian politics has been complemented in recent years by the addition of courses in international relations, the politics of developing societies, political theory, and comparative politics. Associated with the department are the Institute of intergovernmental relations, the Centre for international relations, and the Centre for the Study of public opinion. The department, located in Mackintosh-Corry hall, is part of the Faculty of Arts and Science. See also Ottawa and Queen's, Skelton-Clark Fellows.

Population and Public Health Initiative. Public health problems know no borders and their solutions should transcend borders. Queen's University responded to this by launching the Queen's Population and Public Health Initiative with the aim of becoming a world leader in multi-disciplinary population and public health (PPH) research and research application, fostering evidence-based policies and programs, and training in multiple facets of public health including health policy, health services and administration and health promotion. Through its Institute of Population and Public Health, Queen's influences, through scientific consultation, the wide range of broader public, voluntary and private sector activities that profoundly impact the health of populations.
The development of population health sciences brings together the basic sciences (such as various branches of human biology), epidemiology and biostatistics, the social and behavioural sciences, and more recently, political science, law, geography and the humanities. Queen's Population and Public Health Initiative consists of researchers, policy makers and practitioners working in academia, government, and non-governmental organizations at global, national, provincial/territorial, regional and local levels who have strong connections to the general public.

Postal Services. This department runs the Campus Mail, the university's free-of-charge internal mail service, and organizes the pick-up and internal delivery of Canada Post mail. Sorting for both is done at 115 Barrack Street. Postal Services is part of the Purchasing department, which in turn is responsible to the Vice-Principal (Operations and Finance).

Presbyterian Church. Queen's owes its existence to the Presbyterian Church, and remained affiliated to the Church for more than 70 years. During that time the relationship influenced Queen's development profoundly. The university was founded in 1841 by members of the Church ñ then officially the "Presbyterian Church in Canada in connexion with the Church of Scotland" ñ primarily in order to train ministers for the growing colony of Upper Canada. Queen's royal charter gave the Church a position of considerable power at the university: it reserved 12 of the 27 places on the board of trustees for Presbyterian ministers, declared that the principal must be a minister, that lay trustees and professors had to make a confession of faith approved by the Church, and that the Church would control Queen's theological curriculum. One clause, which sounds particularly odd today, even stipulated that Queen's buildings must be located no more than three miles from Kingston's main Presbyterian Church, st andrew's, which stands at the corner of Princess and Clergy Streets. The university also depended on the Presbyterian Church for a considerable portion of its early funding.

This intimate connection with the church gave Queen's security and an identity, but it was also not without risk and cost for the university. In 1844, for example, a schism that divided Presbyterians into Church of Scotland loyalists and Free Church separatists ñ with Queen's leaders in the former camp ñ radically divided the university community and forced it to the brink of collapse when almost half of its members deserted (for more on this, see presbyterian church schism). There was another crisis in 1867, when the provincial government cut off funding for denominational universities, forcing Queen's to choose between its Presbyterian loyalties and a sorely-needed source of income. The university stayed with the Church ñ despite the simultaneous loss of most of its endowment in the collapse of Ontario's commercial bank ñ and fought a gruelling, fundraising campaign to narrowly avert financial disaster.

Queen's intimate connection with the Church increasingly came into question late in the century. In the 1890s, Queen's denominational status rendered professors ineligible for the lucrative pension funds offered to universities by the Carnegie Foundation. This caused considerable unrest among the faculty and started talk of separation from the Church. The idea gained strength from the gradually diminishing importance of theological training at Queen's and the simultaneous dwindling of financial support from the Church. Most importantly, though, Principal george grant became convinced that Queen's had to have provincial funding to prosper and, by 1900, had decided that the time had finally come for secularization. However, the influential Grant died in 1902, allowing Church loyalists temporarily to regain the ascendance. It was not until 1912 that Principal daniel gordon shepherded the university to the long-awaited goal. The federal parliament that year amended the Charter to remove the "management and discipline" of the university from sectarian restrictions, founded the affiliated Queen's theological college, and changed the university's name from "Queen's College at Kingston" to "Queen's University at Kingston." It was not until 1930, however, that Queen's took advantage of the new regulations to appoint its first Principal (Sir william hamilton fyfe) who was not a Presbyterian minister. In the public eye, too, Queen's remained associated with the Presbyterian Church; its students and sports teams were casually referred to as "The Presbyterians" for decades.

Presbyterian Church schism (1843-1844). A schism in the presbyterian church almost led to the collapse of Queen's only three years after the university was established. Queen's was founded in 1841 by the established Presbyterian Church of Scotland, otherwise known as the Kirk. In the early 1840s, a series of disputes broke out in Scotland over the extensive power that the Kirk gave the wealthy Scottish families who provided financial support. The disputes led in 1843 to the creation of the breakaway Free Presbyterian Church, whose members wished to concentrate power in the hands of ministers. The schism reached Canada in 1844 and quickly divided Presbyterians across the country. At Queen's, the principal and the leading trustees remained loyal to the Church of Scotland. But six of the university's seven theological students, one of its three professors (peter colin campbell), and 10 of its 27 trustees left to join the Free Church. Many of them went on to found Knox College in Toronto, which is now part of the University of Toronto. The desertions forced Queen's to the verge of collapse, but the stubbornness of the remaining loyalists and the fortunate fact that eastern Ontario remained a stronghold for the Kirk ensured its survival. In 1875, the Free Church and the Church of Scotland reunited to form the Presbyterian Church in Canada.

Princess Towers. Newcomers to Kingston know this building at the corner of Princess and Division Streets only as a mammoth apartment block. But the huge and bulky structure ñ the tallest in Kingston ñ was originally built in 1972 as Elrond College, an experimental cooperative student residence owned by the university. The idea for Elrond College came from students in the late 1960s, who were fed up with traditional residences, restrictive landlords, and the perennial shortage of housing in Kingston. The co-op ñ named after a character in the Lord of the Rings whose house was "a cure for weariness, fear, and sadness" ñ was to be a coeducational residence "where the `they' is `you' and the rules are your own," as early promotional material promised. The students secured support from the alma mater society, Queen's administration, and the federal government, and had high hopes for a new era of student housing when the co-op opened in 1972. But the 16-storey project was plagued by financial problems, including a lawsuit levelled by its construction company and a chronic inability to fill its 400 beds. It worked fairly well as a co-op at first, with all residents doing a couple of hours of cleaning and cooking work each week. But the system began to break down in the mid-1970s and the building became increasingly shabby. But what finally brought Elrond to its knees was its inability to pay off its mortgage, thanks again to a persistently high vacancy rate. After a long and winding road of financial misery, the idealistic project closed its doors for good in 1981. The building was sold and it has been a privately-owned apartment block ever since.

Principal. Queen's is distinguished from all but a handful of other Canadian universities by the fact that its most powerful official is a "Principal," not a "President." This reflects the University's Scottish heritage: the University's founders chose this more modest title, which emphasizes the Principal's role as an academic among academics, in imitation of Edinburgh University, their model for Queen's. At first, the Principal of Queen's had to be a Presbyterian minister and always held the concurrent position of Primarius Professor of Theology; that requirement formally ended in 1912, when Queen's separated from the Presbyterian Church. Still, the old tradition proved persistent; the string of Principals who were ministers was not broken until 1929. Since then the office has been held by a geologist, a classicist, two political scientists, three economists and a biologist.

Throughout, as chief academic and executive officer, the Principal has remained the University's most important official. The Principal is accountable to the Board of Trustees for the management of the University (for administration, budget, and staffing, for example), and to the Senate for the implementation of academic policies. The Principal chairs the Senate and serves as the link between Queen's two principal governing bodies. The administrative responsibilities that accompany the office are considerable: the Principal is responsible for setting the overall budget allocations for each faculty and school, in consultation with the Vice-Principals and the Deans; the Principal as well must approve every academic appointment, promotion, or award of tenure or leave, after receiving recommendations from the Vice-Principal (Academic) and relevant dean and department head. The Principal also plays a major role in policy-making by formulating proposals for the academic and physical development of the University for consideration by the Board and the Senate. An important role in formulating policies is also played by advisory committees under the Principal's authority. In recent years these have included the committees advising on the status of women, gender issues, race relations, alcohol awareness, disabilities, resource issues and corporate involvement. The Principal, or his delegate, is a member of most Board and Senate committees, and the Principal chairs, the Senate Agenda Committee, and the Senate Committee on Honorary Degrees, as well as the Executive Committee of the University Council and all committees to select Vice-Principals and Deans. Officers who report directly to the Principal are the Vice-Principals (four ), the Secretary of the University and the University Advisor on Equity. Traditionally, Queen's Principals carry a heavy personal responsibility for fundraising from alumni and other private benefactors, business and industry, the surrounding community, foundations, and government agencies. The Principal is also responsible for representing the university on such external bodies as the Council of Ontario Universities (COU) and the Association of Universities and Colleges of Canada (AUCC). Since 1974, Principals have been appointed for five-year terms, renewable subject to review. The formal authority for the appointment of the Principal rests under the Royal Charter with the Board of Trustees. Recent Principals have been selected by a joint committee of Trustees and Senators including , faculty, students, alumni, trustees and staff. There has been some confusion about the official numbering of Queen's Principal's because the University was led by an acting principal for four years in the 1850s. The current convention is to include that Acting Principal in the official count.

Principals since 1841:

See under these individual names for biographical information.

Principal and Vice-Principals Committee. This committee can be thought of as the principal's inner cabinet. It consists of the Principal, the vice-principals, the Director of Institutional Research and Planning, the Director of Marketing and Communications, the Principal's advisors, the University Registrar, and senior members of the Principal's Office. It meets weekly under the chairmanship of the Principal. The committee serves as a source of advice and support for the Principal, and also provides an opportunity for discussion, exchange of information, and consideration of policy proposals by the university's senior administrators, particularly as related to the Vice-Principals' portfolios, the university's relations with government and other outside bodies, and matters that will appear before the Board of Trustees and Senate.

Principal's Residence. See Summerhill.

Printing Services. This department does a huge range of colour and black-and-white printing for other departments, faculty, and students within the university. Among other things, it produces university letterhead, business cards, exams, administrative forms, brochures, conference materials, and research reports. As well, it offers a volume photocopy service. It also earns some money for the university by doing printing for outside customers. The department is located off-campus at 115 Barrack Street. Printing Services is part of Purchusing, which is responsible to the vice-principal (operations and finance).

Programs. See groups.

Projects. See groups.

Psychiatry, Department of. Courses in psychiatry began at Queen's with the establishment of the Faculty of medicine in 1854. Previously, students were introduced to various types of mental disorders in the basement of Kingston Penitentiary, where many mentally ill prisoners were incarcerated. Following the construction of Rockwood Mental Hospital on the outskirts of the city in 1855, students attended elective lectures at that institution. Dr C.K. Clarke, well known as the founder of the "mental hygiene" movement in Canada, was Professor of Psychiatry from 1895 to 1905. The medical faculty began a psychiatric teaching program at Kingston General Hospital in the 1930s. Today the training of undergraduate medical students and graduate residents takes place at three local institutions: KGH, Hotel Dieu Hospital, and the Kingston Psychiatric Hospital. The department currently has about 100 faculty, including cross and part-time appointments, and offers both undergraduate and graduate degree programs.

Psychology, Department of. Philosophy professor john watson taught Queen's first courses in psychology in the 1870s, though courses in the precursor of psychology, mental philosophy, had been taught since the 1850s. Psychology became an increasingly important part of the Department of Philosophy's work in the 1920s and 1930s, thanks to the distinguished professor of psychology George Humphrey, who left Queen's in 1947 to take up Oxford's first Chair of Experimental Psychology. A separate Department of Psychology was founded in 1949, with just three faculty members. The department has grown enormously since that time. It now has more than 35 faculty, offers its introductory course to more than 1800 students, and has the largest PhD program at Queen's. It occupies two large buildings ñ humphrey hall (named after George Humphrey) and the craine building. It offers a broad range of courses and conducts research in all the main areas of psychology, including perception, cognition, learning and motivation and their biological underpinnings, child development, individual differences, social psychology, and behaviour disorders. It is part of the Faculty of Arts and Science.

Public Administration, School of. See School of policy studies.

Purchasing. The job of this department is to make sure the university obtains quality and value for its money in its purchases. Nearly every purchase by any department or individual researcher must be approved by this office, and most are negotiated by the office as well. The department is also responsible for selling surplus equipment. It is located in the rideau building and responsible to the vice-principal (operations and finance).

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